Why are we scared and What are we scared of?
“Fear: An Alternative History of the World” by Robert Peckham, published by Profile Books Ltd, explores the pervasive and often manipulative role of fear throughout human history. This review delves deep into the book’s analysis, offering insights into how fear has shaped societies from ancient times to the modern era.
The Origin of Fear in Human Evolution
Fear is a primal emotion, rooted deeply in our evolutionary past, originally serving as a mechanism to protect us from predators and threats. In his book, Peckham traces fear’s journey from a survival instinct to a tool of social control used by leaders and religions to dominate and manipulate populations. This transformation has been pivotal in shaping human societies, where fear was harnessed to maintain power and control over communities, from the god-fearing citizens of ancient Rome to the monitored societies of the modern age.
Fear as a Tool of Social Control
The use of fear as a method of control is a central theme in Peckham’s work. The author details how, historically, societies have been manipulated through fear—whether it be fear of divine retribution, external enemies, or societal disapproval. These fears, instilled through various means including religious teachings, governmental policies, and cultural norms, have influenced the behavior and beliefs of individuals within societies, steering the social order and maintaining the status quo.
The Role of Fear in Contemporary Society
In contemporary times, the application of fear has not diminished but transformed. Peckham argues that modern societies, although less concerned with eternal damnation, are still profoundly influenced by fear. This is evident in the political and media landscapes where fear is often weaponized. Fear is used to amplify threats—real or perceived—ranging from national security risks to social and economic instability. This manipulation plays a crucial role in political agendas, swaying public opinion and influencing political outcomes.
The Commercialization of Fear
Interestingly, Peckham also touches on the paradox of fear’s role in entertainment. Horror movies, thrilling novels, and haunted attractions thrive on our paradoxical craving for the very sensation we instinctively avoid. This phenomenon reflects a complex relationship with fear, where it simultaneously repels and attracts us, suggesting a deeply ingrained fascination with the feeling of being scared.
Fear and the Other
Another significant aspect that Peckham explores is the concept of “otherness” and how fear of the “other” has been a driving force behind many societal divides. By distinguishing between “us” and “them,” societies foster a sense of threat from outsiders, which has been a potent tool in justifying xenophobia, racism, and other forms of social discrimination. This mechanism not only divides societies but also enforces a social hierarchy favorable to those in power.
The Rise of Conspiracy Theories and Crisis Rhetoric
Peckham dedicates a section to the evolution of conspiracy theories and how they serve as a manifestation of societal fears. From historical myths to modern conspiracy theories like QAnon, these narratives often reflect deep-seated anxieties about the unknown and the uncontrollable aspects of society. Additionally, the use of crisis rhetoric by political leaders—such as slogans that emphasize national decline or impending doom—further illustrates how fear is cultivated to achieve political ends.
The Impact of Fear on Security and Surveillance
The book critically examines how fear has justified increased security measures and surveillance in modern societies. From ubiquitous CCTV cameras to extensive checks in public spaces, these measures, while enhancing security, also raise significant concerns about privacy and freedom. Peckham prompts readers to consider the balance between security and liberty in a world increasingly governed by fear.
Final Thoughts and Recommendations
“Fear: An Alternative History of the World” is a profound exploration of the mechanisms of fear and its impact on human society over millennia. Robert Peckham effectively shows how fear has been a constant, albeit evolving, presence in human development, from ancient civilizations to contemporary politics and social structures.
This book is a critical addition to the genre of historical and psychological analysis, relevant not only for its historical content but for its urgent relevance to current global issues. It prompts a reconsideration of how fear shapes collective human behavior and public policy.
Peckham’s narrative is both enlightening and cautionary, providing a necessary perspective for understanding our past and present. It is highly recommended for readers interested in psychology, history, and sociology, offering a well-rounded discussion of fear’s role in shaping the world.
In closing, “Fear: An Alternative History of the World” by Robert Peckham is an essential read for anyone looking to understand the underpinnings of societal manipulation and control through fear, and how recognizing these patterns might help us forge a less fearful future.
